Apparatus and Method for Subcutaneous Electrode Insertion

ABSTRACT

Devices and methods for electrode implantation. A first embodiment includes an electrode insertion tool adapted to tunnel through tissue and attach, at its distal end, to a lead, such that the lead may be pulled into the tunneled space as the electrode insertion tool is removed. Additional embodiments include methods for inserting electrode/lead assemblies, including a method wherein an insertion tool is first used to tunnel through tissue, then to pull an electrode/lead into the tunneled space. In a further embodiment the insertion tool is next used, with a splittable sheath disposed thereon, to create an additional path into tissue, after which the insertion tool is removed, leaving the sheath in place; a lead is inserted to the sheath, and, finally, the splittable sheath is removed over the lead.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/006,291, filed Dec. 6, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,655,014 and titledAPPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SUBCUTANEOUS ELECTRODE INSERTION, the entiredisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present invention is related to the field of medical treatmentsincluding electrode implantations. More particularly, the presentinvention is related to the field of electrode implantation or insertionfor cardiac treatments.

BACKGROUND

The use of implantable pacing and defibrillation devices to treat orprevent various cardiac problems has become relatively widespread.Several difficulties with such treatments relate to placement anddurability of electrodes. Typically, well practiced, careful and gentlemaneuvers are required during insertion to avoid breaking the leadsand/or electrodes. Once placed, leads may fracture after being subjectedto repeated stresses as the heart beats and the patient moves. Leads andelectrodes may also migrate from their desired position.

For transvenous implantation, a lead is typically introduced byadvancing it through a vein to a location in or near the heart with theaid of fluoroscopy. The lead is then anchored to heart tissue or apassive anchor mechanism such as tines are utilized to prevent the leadfrom moving. The heart tissue will tend to form around the lead,attenuating sensed signals as well as altering pacing and/ordefibrillating thresholds. Because implantation requires traversing thevasculature as well as placement and anchoring within the heart, manyproblems can arise.

Many lead insertion techniques push a lead into place into tissue orthrough the vasculature. Pushing the lead stresses the lead and cancause lead failure. With vascular implantations, the pathway is definedbut is subject to constrictions and tight turns. Non-vascularimplantation calls for tunneling through existing tissue. While extrastiffness may help with lead insertion and aid accurate lead placement,stiffer leads create their own problems with migration, perforation, andfracture. As stiffness increases, the ability of the lead toinadvertently perforate tissue rises. Further, with extra stiffness, thelead does not rest in place during muscle movement, tending to increasethe size of any associated fibroid, and potentially leading tomigration.

SUMMARY

The present invention, in a first embodiment, includes a tool forimplanting a lead electrode assembly. The tool may include a handle anda relatively stiff shaft having a proximal end and a distal end, withthe handle secured to the proximal end of the shaft. The distal end ofthe shaft includes an attachment feature which can be used to attach toa lead electrode assembly. The attachment feature, in use, allows thetool to be secured to the lead electrode assembly after it is advancedthrough tissue. Once so secured, the tool enables pulling or pushing ofthe lead electrode assembly through the portion of tissue that hasalready been tunneled by the tool.

The shaft may also define a lumen extending distally from a port or hub(such as a Luer hub) in the handle. The shaft may then include a fluidinfusion port for infusing a fluid forced through the lumen into tissueduring an implantation procedure. In an illustrative method embodiment,the fluid infusion port and lumen are used to infuse a local anestheticsuch as lidocaine during an implantation.

The attachment feature may take the form of a suture hole allowing asuture to be passed therethrough. In a preferred embodiment, the fluidinfusion port opens into a suture hole. The shaft may be straight, mayinclude a curve, or may define an arc of curvature. In one embodiment,the shaft is provided with a curvature that mimics the curvature of apatient's lower ribcage. The shaft may also be shapeable such that auser can adapt the shaft to the shape of a selected portion of anatomysuch as a patient's ribcage.

In another embodiment, an electrode insertion tool kit is provided, thetool kit including a tool for inserting an electrode and a splittablesheath for use in conjunction with the tool. The tool may have one ormore of the features noted above. The splittable sheath is preferablysized to snugly fit over the tool. The kit may also include more thanone insertion tool, one being straight and one having a curved shape, aswell as an infusion tubing set for coupling to the one or more insertiontools, and a shaping tool for re-shaping or modifying the shape of aninsertion tool.

Further embodiments include methods for inserting electrodes and leadsto a patient subcutaneously. In one such embodiment, first and secondincisions are made at spaced apart locations. An insertion tool havingproximal and distal ends is inserted via the first incision and advancedsubcutaneously toward the second incision. The distal end of theinsertion tool may be passed out through the second incision. Anelectrode/lead assembly is then attached to the distal end of theinsertion tool, and the insertion tool is withdrawn via the same path itwas inserted through. As the insertion tool is withdrawn, theelectrode/lead assembly is pulled subcutaneously into the patient. Analternative embodiment does not include passing the distal end of theinsertion tool out of the second incision, instead only passing thedistal end proximate the incision such that the electrode/lead assemblymay be attached thereto.

In a further embodiment, the insertion tool is completely withdrawnthrough the first incision until the portion of the electrode/leadassembly connected to the insertion tool is pulled through the firstincision. Then the insertion tool is inserted via the first incision andadvanced subcutaneously in a direction different from the direction ofthe second incision. Preferably, the insertion tool is advanced in adirection that is at a significant angle with respect to a line alongwhich the first and second incisions lie. The insertion tool is thenremoved and the electrode/lead assembly advanced through the pathdefined by the insertion tool.

In yet a further embodiment, the insertion tool, at least during thesecond insertion through the first incision, is inserted with a sheathplaced thereover. Once the insertion tool and sheath are inserted to adesired extent, the insertion tool is removed, leaving the sheath inplace. Then the electrode/lead assembly is inserted into the sheath to adesired extent. Finally, the sheath is removed. Preferably the sheathincludes a line of axial weakness, or is a splittable sheath, so that itcan be removed over the electrode/lead assembly without damaging ormoving the assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates in perspective view an electrode insertion tool kitincluding several components;

FIGS. 2A-2B show, in perspective and section views, a straight electrodeinsertion tool;

FIGS. 3A-3B show, in perspective and section views, a curved electrodeinsertion tool;

FIGS. 4A-4C show detailed section views of an electrode insertion toolhandle;

FIGS. 5A-5B show, in perspective and section views, details of anelectrode insertion tool tip;

FIGS. 6A-6C show perspective and alternative detail views of a leadelectrode assembly;

FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of an insertion tool bending device;

FIG. 8 shows a perspective partial view of an infusion tubing set;

FIGS. 9A-9B show, in combination and alone, an insertion tool with asplittable sheath and a splittable sheath by itself;

FIG. 10 shows a patient illustrating relative positions for illustrativeincisions;

FIGS. 11A-11J show an illustrative method of electrode insertion; and

FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate several aspects of different sensorconfigurations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description should be read with reference to thedrawings. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depictillustrative embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention.

It should be noted that the terms “lead” and “lead electrode assembly”as used herein carry distinct meanings, with a lead electrode assemblybeing a lead and electrode coupled together. U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/940,377 to Bardy et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,044, isincorporated herein by reference. Bardy et al. suggest several methodsfor insertion of a defibrillator device including a subcutaneouscanister and electrode(s), and explain additional details ofsubcutaneous defibrillation devices and methods.

FIG. 1 illustrates in perspective view a lead electrode assemblyinsertion tool kit including several components. The kit 10 includes anumber of items, including a straight insertion tool 20, a curvedinsertion tool 40, a bending tool 100 and an infusion tubing set 110.The kit 10 may further include a splittable sheath (not shown) such asthat illustrated in FIGS. 9A-9B. In several illustrative embodiments,the insertion tools 20, 40 include elongate shafts made of stainlesssteel tubes, with plastic handles, although other materials may be usedas desired for either portion. The infusion tubing set 110 will ofteninclude a flexible polymeric tubular member, although this is notrequired. The bending tool 100 may be used to adjust the shape of theinsertion tools 20, 40, although again this is not required. Features ofeach of these elements are further explained below.

FIGS. 2A-2B show, in perspective and section views, a straight electrodeinsertion tool. Referring to FIG. 2A, the tool 20 is generally straightdistal of its handle 26, and includes a shaft portion 22 that ispreferably stiff enough to provide pushability to a distal end 24 forcreating a path through tissue. In several embodiments, a relativelyrigid metallic member, such as a stainless steel shaft, is used for theshaft portion 22. The shaft 22 is secured to a handle 26 near itsproximal end, where a Luer connector 28 is provided.

The distal end 24 of the shaft 22 illustrates a number of attachmentfeatures, including a groove 30 and a suture hole 32. For example, thegroove 30 may be a radial groove allowing for slipknot attachment to athread such as a suture. The suture hole 32 may allow for a thread orsuture to be passed therethrough and then tied. The end of the toolmight also possess specific geometries for attachment to specificelectrode designs.

Referring to FIG. 2B, the tool 20 is shown in a cut-away or sectionview, with the shaft 22 extending through the handle 26. The shaft 22defines a lumen 34 that extends from the Luer connector 28 to aninfusion port opening into the suture hole 32. The handle 26 may besecured to the shaft 22 in any suitable manner, for example, withadhesives, mechanical securing devices (i.e., mating threads, notches,or the like), heat welding, or by overmolding the handle 26 onto theshaft 22. One way to provide additional mechanical strength to any suchattachment is to include an offset bend 36 in the shaft 22 under thehandle 26.

FIGS. 3A-3B show, in perspective and section views, a curved electrodeinsertion tool. The features are generally similar to those of FIGS.2A-2B. Referring to FIG. 3A, the tool 40 has a gradual or smooth curvewhich may be selected or shaped to match a patient's anatomy. Inparticular, in preferred embodiments, the curve is chosen to correspondto the curvature of a patient's rib, allowing less traumatic passagethrough the subcutaneous space of a patient along the patient's chest.

The tool 40 includes a shaft portion 42 that is preferably stiff enoughto provide pushability to a distal end 44 for creating a path throughtissue. In several embodiments, a relatively rigid metallic member, suchas a stainless steel shaft, is used for the shaft portion 42. The shaft42 is secured to a handle 46 near its proximal end, where a Luerconnector 48 is provided. Instead of a metallic member, a pushablepolymeric member may be used, or, alternatively, a braided shaft memberincluding polymeric layers and a braided support structure.

The distal end 44 of the shaft 42 illustrates a couple of attachmentfeatures, including a groove 50 and a suture hole 52. For example, thegroove 50 may be a radial groove allowing for slipknot attachment to athread such as a suture. The suture hole 52 may allow for a thread orsuture to be passed therethrough and then tied. In another embodiment, astaple may pass through the hole 52 such that, rather than having aperson physically tie or knot a suture, a surgical stapler may be usedinstead.

Referring to FIG. 3B, the tool 40 is shown in section or cut-away viewwith the shaft 42 extending through the handle 46. The shaft 42 definesa lumen 54 that extends from the Luer connector 48 to an infusion portopening into the suture hole 52. The handle 46 may be secured to shaft42 in any suitable way, for example, with adhesives, mechanical securingdevices (i.e., threads, notches, or the like), heat welding, or byovermolding the handle 46 onto the shaft 42. One way to improve themechanical strength of the bond is to include an offset bend 56 in theshaft 42 under the handle 46.

FIGS. 4A-4C show detailed section views of an electrode insertion toolhandle. The electrode insertion tool handle 60 may correspond to thehandles 26, 46 illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B. The handle 60includes a Luer port 62 for providing access to a lumen defined by theshaft 66. As shown in FIG. 4B, the Luer port/valve 62 includes aproximal securing portion 70 for securing to, for example, a fluidinfusion device, and a distal securing portion 72 for securing to theshaft 66.

In an illustrative example, a local anesthetic such as lidocaine may beinfused. Other anesthetics, anti-infection drugs, or drugsdesigned/chosen to prevent or limit swelling or other tissue injuryresponses may be infused as well. An advantage of providing a medicationlimiting tissue injury response may be to limit the size of any tissuegrowth around an implanted lead. Alternatively, for example to ensuregood anchoring of a lead, a substance designed to cause or maximizelocal tissue injury response may be provided. Additionally, certaintissue adhesives could also be delivered through the lumen.

The main handle portion 64, as seen in FIGS. 4A and 4C may be designedto have a flattened side and a wider side. This design aids adoctor/practitioner in grasping the device during tunneling and pullingwith the shaft 66, as well as providing space for the offset bend 68shown in FIG. 4A. The offset bend 68 of the shaft 66 aids in anchoringthe shaft 66 in the main handle portion 64. Other handle designs may beused in accordance with the present invention.

FIGS. 5A-5B show, in perspective and section views, details of anelectrode insertion tool tip. The tip 80 may correspond to the distalends 24, 44 illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B. The tip 80 includes arounded end 82 which may have a “bullet” shape for tunneling betweentissue layers while avoiding tunneling through tissue layers. In apreferred embodiment, the rounded end 82 is tapered to allow tunnelinginto fatty subcutaneous tissue without perforating the skin. Alsoincluded are two illustrative attachment features, including a suturehole 84 and a radial groove 86 allowing for suture attachment using, forexample, a slipknot.

The tip 80 with end 82, suture hole 84 and groove 86 is also shown inFIG. 5B. Also shown in FIG. 5B is a lumen 88 that terminates in aninfusion port that opens laterally through the suture hole 84. With thisstructure, the suture hole 84 serves two functions, both as anattachment feature and as an extension of the infusion port. The lumen88 extends through the rest of the shaft (not shown) to a handle andLuer valve such as those shown in FIGS. 2A-2B and 3A-3B.

FIGS. 6A-6C show perspective and alternative detail views of a leadelectrode assembly. The lead electrode assembly 90 is shown as having anumber of electrodes, including a coil electrode 92 and two senseelectrodes 94. The assembly 90 has a distal tip 96. As shown in FIG. 6Aand further illustrated in FIG. 6B, the distal tip 96 may include asuture hole 98, although any other attachment feature may be used, suchas a radial groove as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B or a hook/notch 98′ as shownin FIG. 6C in association with tip 96′. For a radial groove 86 or ahook/notch 98′, a loop of suture material (or string, for example) or astaple may be secured to the distal tip 96, 96′ by tightening the loopinto the groove 86 or hook/notch 98′. The inclusion of a coil electrode92 and two sense electrodes 94 is merely illustrative of one leadelectrode assembly that may be inserted with the aid of themethods/devices of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of an insertion tool bending device. Thebending device 100 includes posts 102 separated by a gap 104. To bend adevice such as the shaft of the insertion tools 20, 40 shown in FIGS.2A-2B or 3A-3B, the shaft of the chosen device is passed through the gap104 and turned with respect to the bending tool 100, allowing the posts102 to reshape the device with a different curve. This may be done tomatch a chosen insertion tool more accurately to a patient's anatomy.The posts 102 may be modified by including caps, notches, grooves,hooks, overhangs or the like for retaining a device shaft going throughthe gap 104 to prevent it from slipping out.

FIG. 8 shows a perspective partial view of an infusion tubing set. Thetubing set 110 may be used in conjunction with one of the insertiontools 20, 40 shown in FIGS. 2A-2B or 3A-3B. The tubing set 110 is usedto provide a flexible extension enabling easy attachment of a fluidinfusion device to the Luer valve of a chosen insertion tool. The tubingset 110 includes first and second connectors 112, 114 and a flexibletubular shaft 116 therebetween.

FIGS. 9A-9B show, in combination and alone, an insertion tool with asplittable sheath and a splittable sheath by itself. FIG. 9A illustratesan insertion tool 150 having a handle 152 and a shaft 154 extending to adistal tip 156, with a splittable sheath 158 disposed thereon. Thesplittable sheath 158 is sized to snugly fit over the shaft 154, and ispreferably shorter than the shaft 154 such that the distal end 156 canextend distally of the splittable sheath 158.

As further shown in FIG. 9B, the splittable sheath 158 has a proximalhandle portion 160 and a distal end 162. The distal end 162 may betapered or thinned such that there is no leading “shoulder” duringinsertion to tissue. Preferably, the splittable sheath 158 is thinenough that the distal end 162 of the splittable sheath 158 does notcreate significant drag during insertion, and does not require thinning,grinding, or the like.

Alternatively, though not shown in FIG. 9A, the insertion tool 150 mayinclude a proximally facing lip near its distal end for seating thedistal end of the splittable sheath 152. Such a proximally facing lipmay be provided by preloading the splittable sheath 152 on the shaft andthen providing an overlay or separate tip that can be secured (i.e., byheating, welding or adhesive) to the distal end of the shaft. In anotherembodiment (referring again to FIG. 9B), the distal end 162 of thesplittable sheath 158 may be ground to smooth out the distal shoulder.The splittable sheath 158 also includes a region of longitudinalweakness 164 for splitting the handle 160, which also extends toward thedistal end 162, allowing for splitting of the sheath itself.

FIG. 10 shows a patient illustrating relative positions for incisions inan example procedure. The patient 200 is shown with the median plane 202defined and a rough illustration of the heart 204 provided. Incisionlocations for a first incision 206 and a second incision 208 are shown,again as a relatively rough approximation. Preferably the incisions 206,208 both lie over the same rib or between the same pair of ribs of thepatient 200. Each incision is deep enough to enable subcutaneous access,but preferably does not extend further into patient 200. Such incisionsmay be made over any of the patients ribs, but are preferably madesomewhere between the third and twelfth ribs of the patient. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the line from the first incision to the secondincision tracks, at least partly, the inframammary crease. The secondincision is also preferably made in the region of the left anterioraxillary line. While these are presently preferred locations, thespecific locations of each incision may vary widely within the contextof the present invention.

FIGS. 11A-11J show an illustrative method of electrode insertion. FIG.11A illustrates a first step after the making of a first incision 206and a second incision 208 in a patient 200. Note also that a pocket 207has been defined in the subcutaneous region of the patient 200. Thepocket 207 may be formed by inserting a trocar through the secondincision and separating tissue layers with the trocar to define asubcutaneous pocket 207 or by using manual blunt dissection for receiptof an implantable device. An insertion tool 210 (illustrated asincluding a splittable sheath 218 thereon) is about to be insertedthrough the first opening 206. As shown in FIG. 11 B, the insertion tool210 is advanced from the first opening 206 toward and through the secondopening, tunneling a path through the subcutaneous tissue along the way.While advancement of the distal end 212 through the second incision 208is shown, this extent of insertion is not necessary. It is sufficientthat the insertion tool 210 is advanced far enough to provide accessfrom outside of incision 208 to the distal end 212 of the insertion tool210 for access to an attachment feature. The attachment feature shown inFIG. 11 B is shown, for illustrative purposes, as including a suturehole 216. During such insertion and tunneling, a local anaesthetic suchas Lidocaine or the like may be supplied by infusion through a Luer hub214 and passage through a lumen in the insertion tool 210.

As shown in FIG. 11C, a next step includes attaching the distal end of alead electrode assembly 220 to the distal end 212 of the insertion tool210 using a suture loop 224 that passes through the insertion tool 210suture hole 216 and a corresponding suture hole 222 on the leadelectrode assembly 220. The illustrative lead electrode assembly 220 isshown having two sensing and one shocking electrode thereon; such aconfiguration is merely illustrative of one lead assembly, and use ofthe present invention need not be limited to such electrode leadassemblies.

Instead of suture holes 216, 222, other attachment features such ashooks or radial grooves, as illustrated above, may be used. Magnetic,screw-type, locking ball, snap fit, or other types of attachment may besubstituted as well, though for the purposes of illustration, magnetic,screw-type, locking ball and snap fit attachment features have not beenshown herein. It is sufficient that the attachment feature enableattachment of the insertion tool distal end to another element such as alead electrode assembly. Advantageously, the suture holes, hooks orradial grooves allow for relatively simple and reliable attachment usingreadily available (and strong) suture material or staples. Inparticular, attaching a suture or staple is relatively simple. Forsutures, any type of knot may be used, from simple slipknots to manystronger and more complex knots, to achieve a strong attachment. Removalis also simple, easy, and foolproof, being performed by merely cuttingthe suture/staple 224.

Referring now to FIG. 11D, a next step is illustrated wherein theinsertion tool 210 is withdrawn through the first incision 206, pullingthe lead electrode assembly 220 into the path tunneled by the insertiontool 210 between the incisions 206, 208 using the suture 224 and sutureholes 216, 222. As shown, this step is performed until at least thesuture 224 can be accessed from outside the patient.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the method may stop here.With the lead electrode assembly 220 pulled into the path between theincisions 206, 208, the lead assembly 220 may be sized such that acanister 230 attached to the proximal end of the lead electrode assembly220 is pulled into the pocket 207. The suture 224 is then cut and theincisions 206, 208 sewn shut, such that implantation is essentiallycomplete insofar as device placement is concerned. Because the leadassembly 220 is pulled into position after tunneling, rather than beingcarried or pushed into position, the resultant strains on the leadassembly 220 are reduced. Further, by advancing from a first incision206 at a definite location to a second incision 208 at another definitelocation, both ends of the path so defined can be tightly controlled.Thus, placement inaccuracy is avoided.

An alternative embodiment continues in FIGS. 11E-11J. After the step ofFIG. 11D, as shown in FIG. 11 E, the lead electrode assembly 220 ispulled for a greater distance allowing access to the distal end 222thereof. The lead assembly 220 may be pulled sufficiently to cause it toexit the first incision 206 by a certain amount. Then, as shown in FIG.11F, the insertion tool 210 with the splittable sheath 218 isre-inserted into the first incision 206, this time in a differentdirection than before. In an alternative embodiment, a first, preferablycurved, insertion tool is used during the steps shown in FIGS. 11A-11Ewhile a second, preferably straight, insertion tool is used in FIGS.11F-11J, with the splittable sheath provided only for the straightinsertion tool.

As shown in FIG. 11G, the insertion tool 210 is inserted via the firstincision 206 toward a chosen point or location X 232 located cephalic(directed toward the head of the patient) of the first incision.Preferably, a line drawn from the first incision 206 to the secondincision 208 is at an angle θ, between about 20 and 160 degrees, withrespect to a line drawn from the first incision toward location X 232.More preferably, the angle θ is around about 90 degrees, being in therange of between 75 and 105 degrees.

After the insertion tool 210 has tunneled a desired distance, and whilethe splittable sheath 218 may still be accessed from outside thepatient, the insertion tool 210 is removed to leave the splittablesheath 218 in place, as shown in FIG. 11H. Next, the distal end of thelead electrode assembly 220 is directed into the splittable sheath 218,as also shown in FIG. 11H. Once the lead assembly 220 is directed intothe splittable sheath 218 to a desired distance, the splittable sheath218 may be removed by grasping handles 234 and tearing the sheath apart,as shown in FIG. 11I. At this point, as shown in FIG. 11I, the leadassembly 220 is preferably far enough into the patient longitudinallythat the canister 230 has entered the pocket 207 and is inside thepatient 200, through incision 208. As shown at FIG. 11J, the incisions206, 208 are then closed, leaving the lead electrode assembly 220 andcanister 230 fully implanted. After this point, the implantation iscomplete, and a variety of methods may be used to “activate” and/orprogram the canister 230 and whatever electronics for pacing and/ordefibrillation are contained therein.

An advantage of the configuration for implantation of the electrodeassembly shown in FIG. 11J is that the electrodes on the lead electrodeassembly 220 are aligned in a new manner with respect to the canister230. In prior art devices, the canister 230 was often generallycollinear with the electrodes on the lead electrode assembly. Anelectrode on the canister 230 may be offset from the axial direction ofthe lead electrode assembly, allowing for some minor angular variationin exchange for reducing the distance between electrodes. Even if therewere more than two sensing electrodes, the signals received by distinctsensing electrode pairs would have little variation, since collinearelectrodes generally do not receive significantly different signals inthe far-field, except for pairs that are close together and thereforeyield poor signal anyway. The assembly inserted as shown in FIG. 11Jenables multiple sensors on the distal end of the lead assembly 220,along with at least one canister electrode, to provide a wider variationin angular orientation, without closing the distance between thecanister and the electrodes.

FIGS. 12A-12B help to further illustrate several relevant sensorcharacteristics. It should be recognized that, at least with far-fieldsensing of electrical activity in the heart, parallel sensor pairs tendto receive highly correlated signals. Over a short distance, there islittle to be gained by having more than two sensors along the same line.Given a sensing lead electrode assembly and canister device as shown andoriented in FIG. 12A, dead signal sensing problems can arise.

Given sensor X on a canister 300, and sensors Y and Z on the leadelectrode assembly 302, the primary difficulty arises when the need forbackup sensing is greatest. In particular, if a minimal signal is sensedbetween a first sensor pair XY, a similarly minimal signal will bereceived by sensor pair YZ as well as signal pair XZ, since the threeelectrodes are collinear. If the minimal received signal is too close tothe noise floor, then the sensors will fail to provide adequate data forreliable QRS detection, let alone sufficient information to providepacing or defibrillating assistance. Even if X is offset from the lineof the lead electrode assembly 302, the angular distinctions betweenpairs XY, XZ and YZ are quite small.

As shown in FIG. 12B, three sensors X, Y, and Z on a lead assembly 312coupled to a canister 310 define three sensor pair vectors 314, 316, and318 which have angles α, β, and γ therebetween. The above problem isavoided when the electrodes X, Y, and Z are not generally collinear, asshown. Angles α, β and γ are all relatively large, each being biggerthan about fifteen degrees. If orthogonal sensing pairs are used, whenthe minimum signal is received by one of the pairs, a maximum signal isreceived by the other pair. While the vectors of XY, XZ and YZ are notexactly orthogonal, their deviation from being collinear is sufficientto eliminate the problems that arise with the configuration of FIG. 12A.When sensor backup is most needed (minimum signal received by one pair),the configuration or layout of FIG. 12B provides excellent backup.

In another embodiment (relying on another form of analysis), theinsertion method is performed so that three sensors define a plane whichat least partly intersects the heart. In yet another embodiment, sensorsare placed so that at least one angle between sensor pair vectors isgreater than 30 degrees. More preferably, at least one angle betweensensor pair vectors is greater than about 60 degrees, while mostpreferably at least one angle between sensor pair vectors is in therange of about 70-90 degrees. Note that when referring to angles betweensensor pair vectors, the angles referred to are the lesser anglesbetween pairs of intersecting vectors. Another preferred layout is onein which the sine of the angles between sensing vectors is intentionallyincreased, preferably so that the sine of at least one such anglebetween sensing vectors is greater than or equal to about 0.5.

The layout of FIG. 12B illustrates only three sensors for the purpose ofsimplicity. It may be preferable to include four electrodes, with onecanister electrode being both a sensing and a shocking electrode, whiletwo lead electrodes are only sensing electrodes provided distal of andproximal of a shocking/sensing electrode coil. Indeed, unlessspecifically limited by the use of non-inclusive language in thefollowing claims, the number of sensors used in a lead electrodeassembly should not be understood as limiting the present invention.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention maybe manifested in a variety of forms other than the specific embodimentsdescribed and contemplated herein. Accordingly, departures in form anddetail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of thepresent invention as described in the appended claims.

1. A method of implanting an implantable defibrillator in a patient, theimplantable defibrillator including a canister and a lead electrodeassembly, the lead electrode assembly having proximal and distal ends,the method comprising: making an axillary incision near the left axillaof the patient and a xiphoid incision near the xiphoid of the patient;bluntly dissecting a pocket at the axillary incision for receiving thecanister; advancing a tool having proximal and distal ends through thexiphoid incision toward the axillary incision, the proximal end of thetool having a handle and the distal end of the tool being adapted fordissecting tissue, wherein as the tool is advanced tissue is dissectedby the distal end of the tool to create a first subcutaneous tunnel;accessing the distal end of the tool via the axillary incision andsecuring the distal end of the lead electrode assembly to the distal endof the tool; withdrawing the tool through the xiphoid incision such thata portion of the lead electrode assembly is pulled through the axillaryincision and into the first subcutaneous tunnel, until the distal end ofthe lead electrode assembly extends out of the first subcutaneous tunneland through the xiphoid incision while the proximal end of the leadelectrode assembly remains outside of the first subcutaneous tunnel;reinserting the tool through the xiphoid incision toward a chosenlocation, while the distal end the lead electrode assembly remainsextended out of the xiphoid incision, to create a second subcutaneoustunnel; removing the tool via the xiphoid incision; and inserting thedistal end of the lead electrode assembly into the second subcutaneoustunnel.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein: during the step of advancingthe tool through the xiphoid incision toward the axillary incision tocreate the first subcutaneous tunnel, a splittable sheath is secured onthe tool; and during the step of withdrawing the tool through thexiphoid incision such that a portion of the lead electrode assembly ispulled through the axillary incision and into the first subcutaneoustunnel, the splittable sheath remains secured onto the tool.
 3. Themethod of claim 2 wherein: during the step of removing the tool from thesecond subcutaneous tunnel via the xiphoid incision, the splittablesheath is released from the tool and remains in the second subcutaneoustunnel; when the distal end of the lead electrode assembly is insertedinto the second subcutaneous tunnel, the distal end of the leadelectrode assembly is advanced into the splittable sheath; and once thedistal end of the lead electrode assembly is inserted into the secondsubcutaneous tunnel, the method further comprises splitting thesplittable sheath and removing it over the lead electrode assembly,leaving the lead electrode assembly in place with the distal end thereofin the second subcutaneous tunnel.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein thesecond subcutaneous tunnel is generally parallel to the patient'ssternum.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the second subcutaneous tunnelis generally parallel to the patient's sternum.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein the tool includes a lumen extending from the handle to a portnear the distal end of the tool to enable fluid infusion therethrough,and the method further includes infusing a fluid into the patient withthe tool.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the fluid is an anesthetic.8. The method of claim 6 wherein the fluid is a tissue adhesive.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the tool includes an attachment feature nearits distal end, wherein the step of securing the lead electrode assemblyto the tool includes using the attachment feature to attach to the leadelectrode assembly.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the attachmentfeature includes a suture hole, wherein the step of securing the leadelectrode assembly to the tool includes passing a suture through thesuture hole and thereby securing the suture to the tool.
 11. The methodof claim 10, wherein the tool includes a fluid infusion lumen extendingdistally from the handle and opening into the suture hole, and themethod further comprises infusing a fluid into the patient through thefluid infusion lumen.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the step ofwithdrawing the tool through the xiphoid incision such that a portion ofthe lead electrode assembly is pulled through the axillary incision andinto the first subcutaneous tunnel is performed such that the distal endof the lead is exposed to patient tissue in the first subcutaneoustunnel without the protection of a sheath.
 13. The method of claim 12wherein the step of inserting the distal end of the lead electrodeassembly into the second subcutaneous tunnel is performed such that thedistal end of the lead is not exposed to patient tissue in the secondsubcutaneous tunnel until it is fully inserted.
 14. The method of claim13 wherein: a splittable sheath is provided on the tool while the secondsubcutaneous tunnel is created and the splittable sheath is then left inthe second subcutaneous tunnel when the tool is removed via the xiphoidincision from the second subcutaneous tunnel; the step of inserting thedistal end of the lead electrode assembly into the second subcutaneoustunnel is performed by advancing the distal end of the lead electrodeassembly into a lumen of a splittable sheath; and the method furthercomprises removing the splittable sheath from the second subcutaneoustunnel once the distal end of the lead assembly is inserted into thesecond subcutaneous tunnel.
 15. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: inserting the canister into the pocket; and closing theaxillary and xiphoid incisions after the canister and lead electrodeassembly are inserted.
 16. A method of implanting an implantabledefibrillator including a canister and a lead electrode assembly into apatient, the lead electrode assembly having proximal and distal ends,the method comprising: making an axillary incision near the left axillaof the patient and a xiphoid incision near the xiphoid of the patient;bluntly dissecting a pocket at the axillary incision for receiving thecanister; advancing a first introducer tool having proximal and distalends through the xiphoid incision toward the axillary incision to createa first subcutaneous tunnel, wherein the first introducer tool is curvedto match patient anatomy between the xiphoid incision and the axillaryincision; accessing the distal end of the first introducer tool via theaxillary incision and securing the distal end of the lead electrodeassembly to the distal end of the first introducer tool; withdrawing thefirst introducer tool through the xiphoid incision such that a portionof the lead electrode assembly is pulled through the axillary incisionand into the first subcutaneous tunnel, until the first introducer toolfully exits the first subcutaneous tunnel and the distal end of the leadelectrode assembly extends through the xiphoid incision while theproximal end of the lead electrode assembly remains outside of the firstsubcutaneous tunnel; inserting a second introducer tool, the secondintroducer tool being straight relative to the first introducer tool,through the xiphoid incision and toward the head of the patient alongthe sternum to create a second subcutaneous tunnel; removing the secondintroducer tool via the xiphoid incision; and inserting the distal endof the lead electrode assembly into the second subcutaneous tunnel. 17.The method of claim 16 wherein: during the step of inserting the secondintroducer tool, a splittable sheath is provided on the secondintroducer tool; during the step of removing the second introducer tool,the splittable sheath is kept in place in the second subcutaneoustunnel; and the lead electrode assembly is inserted into the secondsubcutaneous tunnel by insertion into the splittable sheath.
 18. Themethod of claim 17 further comprising removing the splittable sheath bysplitting the sheath along a line of weakness after the lead electrodeassembly is inserted into the second subcutaneous tunnel.
 19. The methodof claim 18 further comprising: inserting the canister into the pocket;and closing the axillary and xiphoid incisions after the canister andlead electrode assembly are inserted.
 20. The method of claim 16 furthercomprising: inserting the canister into the pocket; and closing theaxillary and xiphoid incisions after the canister and lead electrodeassembly are inserted.